鋼絲繩概念：用多(duo)根(gen)或多(duo)股細鋼絲擰成的撓性(xing)繩(sheng)索或由多(duo)層鋼絲捻成股，再以繩(sheng)芯(xin)為中心，由一定(ding)數量股捻繞成螺旋狀的繩(sheng)。

　　一(yi)根(gen)鋼絲(si)(si)繩(sheng)按(an)照“鋼絲(si)(si)繩(sheng)-繩(sheng)股-鋼絲(si)(si)-繩(sheng)芯”分解來看，如下圖(tu)。

　　鋼絲(si)(si)繩(sheng)的繩(sheng)芯(xin)(xin)一般分為有(you)機(ji)芯(xin)(xin)、棉(mian)、麻(ma)芯(xin)(xin)、石(shi)棉(mian)芯(xin)(xin)和鋼絲(si)(si)芯(xin)(xin)等幾(ji)種。通常，起重機(ji)上使用(yong)的鋼絲(si)(si)繩(sheng)一般是(shi)以麻(ma)芯(xin)(xin)居(ju)多(duo)，它(ta)具有(you)較高的撓性和彈性，并能貯存一定(ding)的潤滑油，當鋼絲(si)(si)繩(sheng)被拉伸(shen)時(shi)，油擠到(dao)鋼絲(si)(si)之間起潤滑作用(yong)，鋼絲(si)(si)芯(xin)(xin)適用(yong)于高溫(wen)或(huo)多(duo)層纏繞的場合;石(shi)棉(mian)芯(xin)(xin)適用(yong)于高溫(wen)場合;有(you)機(ji)芯(xin)(xin)適用(yong)于非高溫(wen)場合。

　　鋼絲繩芯(xin)及代號

　　a纖維芯(天然或合(he)成(cheng))：FC

　　b天(tian)然纖維芯：NF

　　c合成(cheng)纖維芯：SF

　　d金屬絲繩芯(xin)：IWR(或IWRC)

　　e金屬絲(si)股(gu)芯：IWS

　　如(ru)6×37+FC形(xing)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)，6指(zhi)的(de)(de)是(shi)繩(sheng)股(gu)的(de)(de)股(gu)數(shu)(6股(gu))，37指(zhi)的(de)(de)是(shi)每股(gu)的(de)(de)鋼絲的(de)(de)絲數(shu)數(shu)(37絲)，FC指(zhi)的(de)(de)是(shi)繩(sheng)芯的(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)是(shi)麻芯。鋼絲繩(sheng)從斷面上(shang)看是(shi)這樣的(de)(de)(如(ru)下圖)。

　　鋼(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)繩直徑是指其截面的(de)外接圓直徑。鋼(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)繩直徑的(de)測量：1)鋼(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)繩直徑應(ying)用(yong)帶有寬(kuan)鉗口的(de)游標卡(ka)尺測量，其鉗口寬(kuan)度要足(zu)以跨越(yue)兩個相(xiang)鄰的(de)股。2)測量應(ying)在無張(zhang)力的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下，距鋼(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)繩端頭(tou)不小于15m的(de)直線(xian)部(bu)位上進(jin)行，在相(xiang)距1m以上的(de)兩截面的(de)不同方向上，各測量一個直徑，四個測量結果(guo)的(de)算術平均值作為鋼(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)繩的(de)實(shi)測直徑。

　　(一)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)接觸(chu)狀(zhuang)態(tai)分類按照(zhao)股(gu)中相鄰(lin)層鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)的接觸(chu)狀(zhuang)態(tai)，鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)可分為(wei)：點接觸(chu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)、線(xian)接觸(chu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)、面(mian)接觸(chu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)三種基本結(jie)構形式。按照(zhao)構成股(gu)斷(duan)面(mian)的形式，鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)可分為(wei)圓股(gu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)和(he)異形股(gu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)(其中異形股(gu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)主要(yao)包(bao)(bao)括三角股(gu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)、橢圓股(gu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)和(he)扇形股(gu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng))。按照(zhao)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng))表面(mian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)，鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)可分為(wei)光(guang)面(mian)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)、鍍鋅(鋅鋁合(he)金)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)和(he)涂(包(bao)(bao))塑鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)。

　　點接觸：股(gu)內相鄰層鋼絲(si)之間呈點狀接觸形式，除中心鋼絲(si)外，各層鋼絲(si)直徑相等，股(gu)通過分層捻(nian)制(zhi)形成。

　　線(xian)接觸：股(gu)內相鄰(lin)層鋼(gang)絲(si)之間呈線(xian)狀接觸形式，股(gu)由(you)不同(tong)直徑的鋼(gang)絲(si)一(yi)次捻制(zhi)而成。

　　面接觸：股(gu)內(nei)相(xiang)鄰層鋼絲之間呈面狀接觸形式(shi)。

　　點、線(xian)接(jie)觸(chu)鋼絲(si)繩：股內相鄰(lin)層鋼絲(si)之間呈點、線(xian)兩種接(jie)觸(chu)形式。股由不同直徑的鋼絲(si)分次(ci)捻制而成。

　　異形(xing)(xing)(xing)股(gu)(gu)鋼絲繩：異形(xing)(xing)(xing)股(gu)(gu)鋼絲繩因其股(gu)(gu)斷面呈三角形(xing)(xing)(xing)、橢(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)或扇形(xing)(xing)(xing)而得名。

　　鍍鋅(xin)鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)繩：對(dui)鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)表面(mian)進行鍍鋅(xin)處理(或鍍鋅(xin)后(hou)拉拔(ba))，然(ran)后(hou)在捻制成的鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)繩。

　　(二)鋼絲(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)擰(ning)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)層次分類按擰(ning)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)的(de)(de)層次可分為(wei)單繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)繩(sheng)(sheng)、雙(shuang)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)繩(sheng)(sheng)和三(san)(san)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)繩(sheng)(sheng)。①單繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)繩(sheng)(sheng)：由若干細鋼絲(si)圍(wei)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)一根金屬(shu)芯(xin)擰(ning)制而成(cheng)，撓(nao)性(xing)差，反復彎曲時易磨(mo)損(sun)折(zhe)斷，主(zhu)要用(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)不運動的(de)(de)拉緊索。②雙(shuang)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)繩(sheng)(sheng)：由鋼絲(si)擰(ning)成(cheng)股后再(zai)由股圍(wei)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)繩(sheng)(sheng)芯(xin)擰(ning)成(cheng)繩(sheng)(sheng)。常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)繩(sheng)(sheng)芯(xin)為(wei)麻芯(xin)，高(gao)溫作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業宜(yi)用(yong)石棉芯(xin)或(huo)軟鋼絲(si)擰(ning)成(cheng)的(de)(de)金屬(shu)芯(xin)。制繩(sheng)(sheng)前(qian)繩(sheng)(sheng)芯(xin)浸(jin)涂潤滑油，可減少鋼絲(si)間互相摩(mo)擦所引(yin)起的(de)(de)損(sun)傷。雙(shuang)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)繩(sheng)(sheng)撓(nao)性(xing)較(jiao)好，制造簡便，應(ying)用(yong)最廣。③三(san)(san)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)繩(sheng)(sheng)：以雙(shuang)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)繩(sheng)(sheng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)股再(zai)圍(wei)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)雙(shuang)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)繩(sheng)(sheng)芯(xin)擰(ning)成(cheng)繩(sheng)(sheng)，撓(nao)性(xing)好;但制造較(jiao)復雜，且(qie)鋼絲(si)太細，容易磨(mo)損(sun)，故很少應(ying)用(yong)。

　　(三(san))鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)法(fa)(fa)分類鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)在繩(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)股(gu)(gu)(gu)中(zhong)和(he)(he)股(gu)(gu)(gu)在繩(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)制螺旋方向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(即捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang))以及股(gu)(gu)(gu)中(zhong)絲(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)繩(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)股(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)之問關系(捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)法(fa)(fa))的(de)(de)(de)相互(hu)(hu)(hu)配(pei)合(he)(he)。捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)分左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)和(he)(he)右(you)(you)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong);捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)法(fa)(fa)有交(jiao)互(hu)(hu)(hu)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)和(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)。根據捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)和(he)(he)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)相互(hu)(hu)(hu)配(pei)合(he)(he)，鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)法(fa)(fa)分右(you)(you)交(jiao)互(hu)(hu)(hu)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)交(jiao)互(hu)(hu)(hu)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、右(you)(you)同(tong)(tong)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)同(tong)(tong)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)4種(zhong)(zhong)，如圖1所示(shi)。把(ba)鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(繩(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)股(gu)(gu)(gu))垂直(zhi)放置觀(guan)察(cha)，繩(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si))的(de)(de)(de)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)制螺旋方向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，從(cong)中(zhong)心(xin)線左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)側(ce)開始向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)上、向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)右(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)稱右(you)(you)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，可用符(fu)(fu)合(he)(he)“z”表(biao)示(shi);從(cong)中(zhong)心(xin)線右(you)(you)側(ce)開始向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)上、向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)稱左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，可用符(fu)(fu)合(he)(he)“S”表(biao)示(shi)。交(jiao)互(hu)(hu)(hu)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)股(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)與(yu)繩(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)相反，也(ye)叫逆(ni)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。同(tong)(tong)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)股(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)與(yu)繩(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)相同(tong)(tong)，也(ye)叫順捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。右(you)(you)交(jiao)互(hu)(hu)(hu)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)是鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)為(wei)右(you)(you)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，繩(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)股(gu)(gu)(gu)為(wei)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)交(jiao)互(hu)(hu)(hu)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)是鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)為(wei)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，繩(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)股(gu)(gu)(gu)為(wei)右(you)(you)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。右(you)(you)同(tong)(tong)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)是指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和(he)(he)繩(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)股(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)均為(wei)右(you)(you)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)同(tong)(tong)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)是指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)繩(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和(he)(he)股(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)均為(wei)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)捻(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。

　　交互(hu)捻(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)從外形(xing)看，外層(ceng)鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)位置幾乎與(yu)(yu)鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)縱向軸線相(xiang)(xiang)平行，因而(er)交互(hu)捻(nian)(nian)鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)在(zai)(zai)使用時的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點是：(1)表(biao)面(mian)鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)與(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)卷筒或(huo)滑輪表(biao)面(mian)接觸長度較(jiao)(jiao)短，即支(zhi)撐表(biao)面(mian)小磨損(sun)較(jiao)(jiao)快(圖2)，并且在(zai)(zai)使用中，繩(sheng)內鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)受(shou)較(jiao)(jiao)大擠(ji)壓(ya)時不易(yi)向兩(liang)旁分開，容(rong)易(yi)產生不均勻磨損(sun)，鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)易(yi)爆斷;(2)由于捻(nian)(nian)向不同，鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)內部(bu)鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)排列位向不同，會引起(qi)(qi)(qi)其(qi)(qi)性(xing)能的(de)(de)(de)差(cha)異，且捻(nian)(nian)制變形(xing)較(jiao)(jiao)大，柔軟性(xing)較(jiao)(jiao)差(cha)，使用時鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)所(suo)受(shou)的(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)曲應力(li)較(jiao)(jiao)大;(3)由于交互(hu)捻(nian)(nian)捻(nian)(nian)制后繩(sheng)和股內殘余應力(li)或(huo)受(shou)載時引起(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉力(li)矩(ju)可互(hu)相(xiang)(xiang)抵消一(yi)部(bu)分，不易(yi)引起(qi)(qi)(qi)鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)松散和使用時的(de)(de)(de)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉;(4)交互(hu)捻(nian)(nian)鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)中鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)與(yu)(yu)繩(sheng)中心線傾斜(xie)僅在(zai)(zai)0-5度之間，表(biao)面(mian)外觀平整，使用時平穩、振動小。

　　同向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)捻鋼(gang)絲繩(sheng)(sheng)從外形看，外層鋼(gang)絲的位置與(yu)鋼(gang)絲繩(sheng)(sheng)的縱向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)軸線相傾斜，傾角達30度左右。同向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)捻鋼(gang)絲繩(sheng)(sheng)的特點(dian)是：(1)使用(yong)時表層鋼(gang)絲與(yu)卷(juan)簡或滑輪表面接觸區(qu)域較(jiao)長，即(ji)支撐表面大(da)，因此耐磨性好;(2)柔軟性較(jiao)好，有較(jiao)好的抗彎曲疲勞(lao)性;(3)由于捻向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)一致，捻成(cheng)繩(sheng)(sheng)后的鋼(gang)絲總(zong)彎扭變形較(jiao)小，使用(yong)時繩(sheng)(sheng)內鋼(gang)絲受力(li)較(jiao)均(jun)勻，對提高鋼(gang)絲繩(sheng)(sheng)疲勞(lao)壽命也(ye)有利;(4)自(zi)轉性稍大(da)，容(rong)易(yi)發生松捻和扭結現(xian)象，一般在兩端固(gu)定的場合使用(yong)較(jiao)為(wei)合適。

　　鋼絲繩品種中以右(you)交互(hu)捻(nian)為多。一般在供需(xu)雙方確定捻(nian)向時(shi)，若強調(diao)柔軟性時(shi)可選同向捻(nian)，強調(diao)不(bu)(bu)松(song)散(san)和(he)不(bu)(bu)旋轉性時(shi)，可選用(yong)交互(hu)捻(nian)。至于是選左捻(nian)還(huan)是右(you)捻(nian)，則由設備情(qing)況及操作習慣等因素決定。交互(hu)捻(nian)缺(que)點是接觸(chu)差(cha)易磨損、壽(shou)命短，優點沒有松(song)散(san)和(he)扭轉的趨勢。

　　因此，同(tong)向捻(nian)的優點是比(bi)較柔(rou)軟(ruan)，易(yi)彎曲，內(nei)應力(li)小，表面光滑，磨損(sun)也小，使(shi)用壽命長;缺點是容易(yi)松散、旋轉，懸掛較困難，承(cheng)載后伸長率較大。交(jiao)互捻(nian)鋼(gang)絲繩的優缺點與同(tong)向捻(nian)相反。

　　鋼絲繩的解卷

　　鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)繩多數是以卷(juan)、盤的(de)形式到現場的(de)，要(yao)使用正(zheng)(zheng)確(que)的(de)鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)繩解(jie)(jie)(jie)卷(juan)方(fang)式和正(zheng)(zheng)確(que)消除鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)繩的(de)校(xiao)頭(tou)，其實(shi)兩者的(de)機理完全相同，正(zheng)(zheng)確(que)消除鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)繩的(de)校(xiao)頭(tou)的(de)方(fang)法(fa)很簡(jian)單，只要(yao)沿著鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)繩產生校(xiao)頭(tou)的(de)反方(fang)向回旋即(ji)可;鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)繩正(zheng)(zheng)確(que)的(de)解(jie)(jie)(jie)卷(juan)方(fang)法(fa)見圖2，應將繩盤緩緩轉動(dong)(dong)或(huo)滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)，慢(man)慢(man)地(di)將鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)繩解(jie)(jie)(jie)卷(juan)，防止出(chu)現加(jia)捻(nian)或(huo)松(song)捻(nian)現象。解(jie)(jie)(jie)卷(juan)時;嚴禁(jin)用圖(a)錯誤的(de)方(fang)法(fa)解(jie)(jie)(jie)卷(juan)，以免產生加(jia)捻(nian)(上勁)或(huo)松(song)捻(nian)(破勁)現象，造成(cheng)扭結。

　　鋼(gang)絲繩與(yu)卷筒(tong)的配(pei)合(he)原則

　　左(zuo)交(jiao)互(hu)捻(nian)(nian)、右(you)(you)交(jiao)互(hu)捻(nian)(nian)兩種型號的(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于左(zuo)旋(xuan)(xuan)卷筒(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，也可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于右(you)(you)旋(xuan)(xuan)卷筒(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。左(zuo)捻(nian)(nian)、右(you)(you)捻(nian)(nian)兩種繩(sheng)(sheng)與滾筒(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)旋(xuan)(xuan)向(xiang)有一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)對應關系(xi)，選對了鋼(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)捻(nian)(nian)向(xiang)，才(cai)能延(yan)長鋼(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命。鋼(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)卷筒(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)上纏(chan)(chan)繞(rao)(rao)方(fang)向(xiang)，必須是使(shi)(shi)鋼(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)緊捻(nian)(nian)而不是松捻(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)纏(chan)(chan)繞(rao)(rao)。右(you)(you)旋(xuan)(xuan)繩(sheng)(sheng)槽(cao)的(de)(de)(de)卷筒(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)推薦使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)左(zuo)捻(nian)(nian)鋼(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)，反之(zhi)，左(zuo)旋(xuan)(xuan)繩(sheng)(sheng)槽(cao)的(de)(de)(de)卷筒(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)應使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)右(you)(you)捻(nian)(nian)鋼(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)。總之(zhi)，要(yao)根(gen)據(ju)卷筒(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)旋(xuan)(xuan)向(xiang)選擇鋼(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)捻(nian)(nian)向(xiang)，鋼(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)不能“破(po)勁”。另(ling)外，鋼(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)卷筒(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)上的(de)(de)(de)纏(chan)(chan)繞(rao)(rao)方(fang)向(xiang)必須根(gen)據(ju)鋼(gang)(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)繩(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)捻(nian)(nian)向(xiang)，右(you)(you)捻(nian)(nian)繩(sheng)(sheng)從左(zuo)到右(you)(you)，左(zuo)捻(nian)(nian)繩(sheng)(sheng)從右(you)(you)到左(zuo)排(pai)(pai)列，纏(chan)(chan)繞(rao)(rao)應排(pai)(pai)列整齊避免出現偏繞(rao)(rao)或夾繞(rao)(rao)現象(xiang)。

　　鋼絲繩(sheng)繩(sheng)端(duan)固定

　　起重吊(diao)(diao)裝中的(de)鋼(gang)絲繩(sheng)要和被吊(diao)(diao)物連接，就(jiu)必須進行繩(sheng)端(duan)固定(ding)。繩(sheng)端(duan)固定(ding)的(de)形式有：1.使用(yong)(yong)繩(sheng)夾固定(ding)，繩(sheng)夾又叫(jiao)卡頭(tou)。2.使用(yong)(yong)楔形繩(sheng)卡，一般吊(diao)(diao)車上的(de)鋼(gang)絲繩(sheng)繩(sheng)端(duan)固定(ding)用(yong)(yong)。3.鋼(gang)絲繩(sheng)繩(sheng)頭(tou)編(bian)結。

　　附注：

　　鋼(gang)絲(si)繩(sheng)的(de)相關(guan)概(gai)念：公稱(cheng)抗拉(la)(la)強(qiang)度:在拉(la)(la)的(de)過(guo)(guo)程中直到拉(la)(la)斷時的(de)最(zui)大(da)力(li),除以鋼(gang)絲(si)繩(sheng)的(de)截面積(ji)，這是一個應力(li);允許(xu)拉(la)(la)力(li)：允許(xu)的(de)最(zui)大(da)拉(la)(la)力(li)，能保證(zheng)鋼(gang)絲(si)繩(sheng)不斷裂。破斷拉(la)(la)力(li)：在拉(la)(la)的(de)過(guo)(guo)程中直到拉(la)(la)斷時的(de)最(zui)大(da)力(li)。

　　鋼絲繩其(qi)他(ta)代號說明

　　鋼(gang)絲(si)的(de)表面狀態用下列代號標記:

　　a.光面鋼絲:NAT;

　　b.A級鍍鋅(xin)鋼(gang)絲:ZAA;

　　c.AB級鍍(du)鋅鋼(gang)絲:ZAB;

　　d.B級鍍鋅(xin)鋼(gang)絲:ZBB

　　鋼(gang)絲繩中鋼(gang)絲的橫截面用下(xia)列(lie)代號標記:

　　a.圓形鋼絲:無代號;

　　b.三角形鋼絲:V;

　　c.矩形或扁形鋼絲:R;

　　d.梯形(xing)鋼(gang)絲(si):T;

　　e.橢(tuo)圓形鋼絲(si):Q;

　　F.半(ban)密封(feng)鋼(gang)絲(或鋼(gang)軌形(xing)鋼(gang)絲)與圓形(xing)鋼(gang)絲搭配:H;

　　鋼(gang)絲繩(sheng)使(shi)用前檢查范圍：鋼(gang)絲繩(sheng)的磨損、銹蝕、拉伸、彎曲、變形、疲勞、斷(duan)絲、繩(sheng)芯露出的程度。

　　鋼絲繩截面圖(tu)(如下(xia)圖(tu))